Andrew Jackson's policy is based in the valued that lands west of the Mississippi River would permanently remain the "Indian Country". The Indian Removal Act gave him permission to compose land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. New Mexico and Arizona contains tribes like Hopi and Zuni that lived in per ant settlements as farmers raising livestock. In the Southwest, tribes like Navajo and Apache were hunter gathers. In Washington and Oregon, Chinook and Shasta developed communities based on catching fish. There were armed conflict between the U.S. And tribes of the Eastern Sioux. Nez Perce is an Indian tribe, led by Chief Joseph, ordered onto a reservation in Idaho. Instead they fled and after giving up they were removed to a reservation in Oklahoma. Crazy Horse , a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills, joined Sitting Bull, American Indian, in the defeat of General Cluster at Little Bighorn in the war known as the Sioux War.
Christian boarding schools were set up to segregate Native American children from their people so they could be taught white culture and farming and industrial skills. The wrongdoing the the Native Americans is captured in Helen Hunt Jackson's book, Century of Dishonor. The book created sympathy for the Native Americans, and those motivated to help think that assimilation is the a answer. The Dawes Severalty Act dissolved many tribes. People thought that it would keep Native Americans from becoming "civilized". This act divided tribes in plots of 160 acres or less. The Ghost Dance movement was Native Americans' attempt to drive whites from their land. The Battle of Wounded Knee claimed the lives off over 200 Natives and marked the end of the Indian Wars. In 1924, federal government granted citizenship to all Native Americans. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture.