The best-selling book "Progress and Poverty", by Henry George (1879), encourages people to take a closer look at the effects of Laissez-Faire economics and suggests to put a single tax on land as a solution to poverty. This book called attention to the inequalities in wealth caused by industrialization. Another book of social criticism, "Looking Backward, 2000-1887 (written by Edward Bellamy in 1888), visioned the future where a cooperative society had eliminated poverty, greed, and crime. Both books encouraged a shift in American public opinion away from pure laissez-faire and toward greater government regulation. Young women and men of middle classes move to live in immigrant neighborhoods to learn about problems of immigrant families. A college student, Jane Addams, starts the Hull House In Chicago in 1889 which was the most outstanding American settlement house. Protestant clergymen preached what they called the Social Gospel, the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems. Washington Gladden led the Social Gospel movement, it taught religion and human dignity would help the poor over come problems of industrialization.
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As time went on there was change in life, culture, education, and art. Charles Darwin's theory, that humans has slowly evolved for. Lower forms of life, influenced many people. W.E.B. Du Bois was the leading black intellectual. He was the first African American to receive a doctorate at Harvard and he advocated full equal rights for blacks. The number of colleges and the amount of people attending increased because of the founding of new colleges for women. Wealthy philanthropist John D. Rockefeller found the University of Chicago. In the book "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" in 1884, Mark Twain reveals the greed, violence, and racism in American society. A younger generation of authors who emerged in the 1890s became known for their naturalism, which described how emotions and experience shaped human experience.
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